REPTILES
- Anatolian Rock Lizard
- Balkan Green Lizard
- Caspian Whipsnake
- Coin-marked Snake
- Common Chameleon
- Dahl’s Whip Snake
- Eastern Montpellier Snake
- European Cat Snake
- European Copper Skink
- European Ratsnake
- Grass Snake
- Greek Tortoise
- Javelin Sand Boa
- Legless Lizard
- Levant Skink
- Mediterranean House Gecko
- Ottoman Viper
- Ring-headed Dwarf Snake
- Snake-eyed Lizard
- Starred Agama
Common Name
Anatolian rock lizard
Scientific Name
Anatololacerta anatolica
Habitat
Found in western Anatolia (Turkey) and on adjacent Aegean islands, including Samos and Ikaria. Prefers rocky areas in open woodlands, Mediterranean forests, shrublands, dry stone walls, cultivated fields, and olive groves. It is often associated with rocky outcrops, cliffs, boulders, and dry-stone walls.
diet
Insectivorous, feeding primarily on insects such as beetles and spiders, as well as arachnids, small invertebrates, and various larvae.
Description
Exhibits a dark olive-brown base colour with pale dorsolateral spots that may merge into lines. The throat can be reddish, while the underparts are pale with occasional dark spots on the flanks. The tail of juveniles is often bright blue. Males and females may display different colouration patterns, with males often having more vivid hues.
size
24 cm
status (iucn)
Least concern.
further information
This lizard grows to a snout-to-vent length of about 7.5 centimetres with a tail twice as long as its body.
Common Name
Balkan green lizard
Scientific Name
Lacerta trilineata
Habitat
Prefers areas with dense vegetation, ranging from sea level up to elevations of at least 1500 meters. Common habitats include Mediterranean-type shrublands, rural gardens, plantations, and areas with abundant ground cover.
diet
Feeds mainly on large invertebrates such as snails, beetles and grasshoppers, but also on small lizards and mammals.
Description
One of the largest lizards in its genus. Adults display a bright green hue with fine black speckles. Males frequently show bright blue heads in the spring. Juveniles are typically brown with three yellowish longitudinal stripes along the back, a feature that gives the species its name “trilineata“.
size
50 cm
status (iucn)
Least concern.
further information
Diurnal and highly active, often seen basking in the sun or swiftly moving through vegetation. When threatened, it can detach its tail (autotomy) to escape predators, with the tail regenerating over time.
Common Name
Caspian whipsnake
Scientific Name
Dolichophis caspius
Habitat
Inhabits open, grassy areas with sparse shrubbery, rocky riverbanks, and sometimes human-altered environments like gardens and cemeteries. Found in warm and sunny biotopes.
diet
Diurnal, a generalist predator feeding on small mammals, birds, lizards, and other snakes. Its role in controlling rodent populations makes it beneficial for agriculture.
Description
These are large, powerful snakes that have a silver-grey to light brown colour, with adults becoming orange or copper with age. Juveniles have large dark transverse bars on a part of the back and a light longitudinal stripe in the middle of the neck, often forming a cross with the mantle and the first lateral bar. The head of juveniles resembles young Balkan snakes.
size
100 – 160 cm
status (iucn)
Least concern.
further information
When threatened, these snakes stand up and hiss, and can jump up to 1m. They are typically terrestrial, but can climb to more than 7 meters when in search of prey. The largest recorded specimen reached approximately 250 cm.
Common Name
Coin-marked snake
Scientific Name
Hemorrhois nummifer
Habitat
Inhabits a variety of environments, from arid deserts to Mediterranean woodlands and urban areas. Commonly found in rocky areas with limited water and sparse vegetation, as well as in ruins, stone walls, and agricultural lands.
diet
Opportunistic, its prey includes lizards but also various small mammals and birds.
Description
Features a robust body with a dorsal colouration ranging from grey to light brown, adorned with dark, coin-shaped spots along the back. The ventral side is generally lighter, often white or yellowish. The head is relatively broad with large eyes possessing round pupils, indicating its diurnal activity pattern.
size
Up to 160 cm
status (iucn)
Least concern.
further information
When disturbed, it may flatten its head, making it resemble the Xantine viper.
Common Name
Common Chameleon
Scientific Name
Chamaeleo chamaeleon
Habitat
Found in southern Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East. They inhabit a variety of environments such as pine forests, shrublands, plantations, and rural gardens. They are arboreal, often residing in trees and bushes. In Europe, confined to areas free of coastal frost, but up to 900m in Samos.
diet
Primarily insectivorous, feeding on various insects and arthropods. Larger individuals may also consume small vertebrates.
Description
Their skin colour varies widely, including shades of green, yellow, grey, and brown, often with stripes and spots. Colour changes are influenced by factors such as mood, temperature, and communication needs. They possess independently rotating eyes, allowing for a 360-degree field of vision, and a long, sticky tongue used to capture prey. Their feet are adapted for grasping branches, and they have a prehensile tail for balance.
size
Up to 30 cm
status (iucn)
Least concern.
further information
They are solitary creatures, typically maintaining individual territories. Females lay clutches of 20 to 50 eggs in self-dug holes in the ground. The eggs incubate over winter, with hatchlings emerging in the following summer.
Common Name
Dahl’s whip snake
Scientific Name
Platyceps najadum
Habitat
Inhabits a variety of environments, including dry rocky areas, open woodlands, scrublands, and agricultural fields, from sea level up to 2,200 meters in elevation.
diet
Diurnal, feeds on a diverse diet comprising insects, lizards, small mammals, and occasionally other snakes.
Description
Features a slim, elongated body with a greyish to brown dorsal colouration and a lighter ventral side. The head is distinct from the body, with large eyes and round pupils. Distinctive dark markings may be present on the head and neck regions.
size
Up to 120 cm
status (iucn)
Least concern.
further information
They are not venomous, although due to the absence of hooks, the bite can cause symptoms of poisoning if the skin has been pierced and the saliva has time to infiltrate it.
Common Name
Eastern Montpellier snake
Scientific Name
Malpolon insignitus
Habitat
Species typical of Mediterranean biotopes, combining sunny sites and wetter sites: scrubland and maquis, dunes, salt marshes, but also rocky slopes in hilly terrain. Also in anthropised environments such as quarries, agricultural land and even gardens in urban areas.
diet
Feed on a wide variety of prey such as reptiles, birds and mammals.
Description
Features a distinctively elongated head with prominent supraorbital scales, giving it a characteristic “eagle-like” appearance. The belly is usually pale yellow or whitish, sometimes with fine orange speckles. Males typically exhibit a uniform grey-green to bluish-grey dorsal colouration without the dark “saddle” marking seen in related species. Females and Juveniles display brownish tones with 2–3 longitudinal rows of dark spots or stripes along the back.
size
Up to 250 cm
status (iucn)
Least concern.
further information
They are venomous, although the hooks of the snakes are located at the back of the mouth. This reduces the possibility of injecting venom, which has a low toxicity.
Common Name
European cat snake
Scientific Name
Telescopus fallax
Habitat
All kinds of hot or rocky biotopes. Prefers dry, rocky areas with ample cover, including scrublands, stone walls, and ruins. Often found in Mediterranean-type environments and sometimes near human habitations. A lowland species, it can nevertheless be found below 1300m.
diet
Primarily preys on lizards, geckos, and small mammals. Its rear-fanged venom is used to subdue prey.
Description
Features a light brown to grey base colour with dark dorsal spots or bands. The head is distinct and flattened, with vertical slit pupils reminiscent of a cat’s eyes.
size
Up to 100 cm
status (iucn)
Least concern.
further information
Venomous, but there are no known cases of human envenomation. The hooks located on the rear reduce the possibilities of venom injection, and their toxicity is too low to cause visible symptoms. Nocturnal species.
Common Name
European copper skink
Scientific Name
Ablepharus kitaibelii
Habitat
Wide variety of arid habitats, but normally on sites offering low vegetation or leaf litter for shelter, such as meadows, grassy slopes, and forest edges. More common in the plains, but can be found up to 1800m.
diet
Small invertebrates.
Description
Slim, snake-like body covered with shiny rounded scales that are a dark metallic brown colour.
size
Up to 12 cm
status (iucn)
Least concern.
further information
Unlike many other lizards, the European copper skink belongs to a group called Ablepharinae, meaning it lacks movable eyelids. Instead, their eyes are protected by a transparent scale like snakes.
Common Name
European ratsnake
Scientific Name
Zamenis situla
Habitat
Prefers Mediterranean-type environments such as shrubby vegetation, pasturelands, plantations, and rural gardens. Often found near human settlements, including barns and gardens, likely due to the abundance of rodent prey.
diet
Hunts small rodents, which constitute the bulk of its diet. They can climb walls, bushes and trees to hunt birds and lizards.
Description
Its base colour ranges from grey to tan, and it features a distinctive Y-shaped marking on the back of its head. It has a striking pattern with a series of reddish-brown blotches bordered in black along its back.
size
Up to 100 cm
status (iucn)
Least concern.
further information
Generally shy and non-aggressive, when threatened, it may vibrate its tail as a warning.
Common Name
Grass snake
Scientific Name
Natrix natrix
Habitat
Prefers wetland habitats such as ponds, lakes, rivers, and marshes. Also found in forests, grasslands, and gardens, especially those near water sources.
diet
Feeds primarily on amphibians like frogs and toads. Occasionally consumes fish, small mammals, and birds. Swallows prey whole without constriction.
Description
Typically dark green or brown with a distinctive yellow or whitish collar behind the head, earning it the nickname “ringed snake. Colour variations include grey to black, with darker hues more common in cooler regions. The underside is whitish with irregular black markings, useful for individual identification.
size
Up to 150 cm
status (iucn)
Least concern.
further information
When threatened, may hiss, release a foul-smelling secretion, or play dead by flipping onto its back with mouth open and tongue hanging out.
Common Name
Greek tortoise
Scientific Name
Testudo graeca
Habitat
Occupies a variety of environments, from arid scrublands and grasslands to Mediterranean forests. These tortoises thrive in areas with ample sunlight and sparse vegetation, which facilitates their basking and foraging behaviours.
diet
Primarily feeds on a variety of herbaceous plants, grasses, and succulent vegetation. They may occasionally consume small invertebrates or carrion, but this is not a significant part of their diet.
Description
Their domed carapace varies in colour from yellow to brown, often adorned with dark blotches or patterns that provide camouflage in their natural habitats. Named for the small, conical spurs located on each thigh, a characteristic feature of this species.
size
Up to 30 cm
status (iucn)
Vulnerable.
further information
Renowned for their long lifespans, Greek tortoises can live over 100 years in the wild, with some individuals reportedly reaching ages of 125 years or more.
Common Name
Javelin sand boa
Scientific Name
Eryx jaculus
Habitat
Prefers dry environments such as sandy or rocky hills, semi-desert coastal areas, dunes, and light Mediterranean forests with low vegetation.
diet
Juveniles tend to forage actively for lizard eggs, while adults, especially females, often employ ambush tactics to capture small mammals.
Description
They possess a stout body with a short, blunt tail. Their coloration varies from brownish-green to gray, adorned with darker blotches. The belly is usually white or yellowish, sometimes speckled with darker spots.
size
70 cm
status (iucn)
Least concern.
further information
Specific details about their breeding habits are limited, but like other boas, they are ovoviviparous, giving birth to live young.
Common Name
Legless lizard
Scientific Name
Pseudopus apodus
Habitat
They inhabit dry, grassy areas with good cover like grasslands, scrubby hillsides, woodland edges, and rocky slopes. They prefer areas with dense vegetation offering both sunning spots and quick retreat options.
diet
Primarily consume large insects, snails, slugs, earthworms, small rodents, bird eggs, and smaller lizards.
Description
Snake-like in appearance, with a robust, cylindrical body. It has a wedge-shaped head with movable eyelids, external ear openings, and a distinctive lateral fold running along each side. Colouration ranges from beige and tan to brown or grey, often with darker flecks, providing excellent camouflage in its natural habitat.
size
140 cm
status (iucn)
Least concern.
further information
These reptiles give birth to live young (ovoviviparous) rather than laying eggs, typically producing 6-10 offspring after a gestation period of about 5-6 months.
Common Name
Levant skink
Scientific Name
Trachylepis aurata
Habitat
Inhabit Mediterranean scrubland, rocky areas, stone walls, and coastal regions across the eastern Mediterranean basin. They thrive in relatively dry environments with scattered vegetation, particularly favouring areas with rock piles, ruins, and agricultural terraces.
diet
Primarily consume various arthropods, including crickets, beetles, grasshoppers, and spiders. They also eat small snails, worms, and occasionally plant matter such as berries and soft fruits.
Description
It has a robust body covered in smooth, glossy scales, well-developed limbs, and a long tail that can reach up to twice the body length. Its most distinctive feature is the pattern of light-colored longitudinal stripes running down its olive-brown to greyish body, typically one mid-dorsal stripe and two lateral stripes on each side, creating a characteristic striped appearance. The belly is usually lighter, ranging from whitish to pale yellow.
size
20 cm
status (iucn)
Least concern.
further information
They can detach their tail, the detached tail continues to wriggle vigorously, distracting the predator while the skink escapes. The tail regenerates over time, though the new growth is typically darker and lacks the original pattern.
Common Name
Mediterranean house gecko
Scientific Name
Hemidactylus turcicus
Habitat
They occupy rocky outcrops and stone walls, while in human environments, they readily colonise buildings, ruins, and other structures. These geckos are highly adaptable to urban areas, often found on exterior walls near artificial lighting that attracts their prey.
diet
Feed on small arthropods, especially moths, flies, spiders, beetles, and other insects attracted to lights.
Description
It is a small lizard with a flattened, translucent pinkish-grey to light brown body. Covered with small tubercles, giving it a warty appearance. Its most distinctive features include large, lidless eyes with vertical pupils that reflect light at night, specialised toe pads with microscopic setae that enable climbing smooth vertical surfaces, and a segmented tail that can be detached and regenerated. The underside is typically translucent white.
size
12 cm
status (iucn)
Least concern.
further information
These geckos are known for their vocalizations, producing distinctive chirping or clicking sounds used in territorial disputes and mating rituals.
Common Name
Ottoman viper
Scientific Name
Montivipera xanthina
Habitat
Occupy rocky hillsides, mountain slopes, and dry scrubland across southwestern Turkey, several Greek islands, and parts of Bulgaria. They prefer areas with good sun exposure, rocky outcrops for basking, and adequate vegetation cover for hunting and protection. These vipers can be found from sea level up to elevations of about 2000 meters.
diet
Ambush their prey, primarily feeding on small mammals such as mice, voles, and young rats. They also consume birds, lizards, and occasionally other snakes.
Description
It has a robust body with strongly keeled scales. The head is distinctly triangular and set off from the neck. Colouration varies but generally features a greyish, brownish, or yellowish-tan base colour with a zigzag or series of connected diamond-shaped patterns running down the back. This pattern is typically darker, ranging from dark brown to almost black. The belly is lighter, often yellowish or greyish, with dark mottling. Female snakes are often longer than males.
size
Up to 100 cm
status (iucn)
Least concern.
further information
They possess a sophisticated heat-sensing system, located between their nostrils and eyes. These specialised organs can detect minute temperature differences, allowing them to locate prey.
Common Name
Ring-headed dwarf snake
Scientific Name
Eirenis modestus
Habitat
Inhabit dry, rocky environments including open woodland, scrubland, rocky slopes, and agricultural areas across parts of the eastern Mediterranean, Anatolia, the Caucasus, and the Middle East. They’re often found under stones, in rock crevices, or among low vegetation in arid to semi-arid regions.
diet
Primarily feed on invertebrates, especially small insects, spiders, and insect larvae. They also consume small lizards, particularly skinks and geckos, and occasionally young rodents.
Description
They have cylindrical bodies with smooth, glossy scales. Relatively small, slightly distinct heads with large eyes featuring round pupils. The most distinctive feature is its colouration pattern, typically greyish, olive-brown, or tan body with a characteristic dark collar or “ring” marking behind the head. Some individuals display faint, darker flecking along the body. The underside is uniformly light coloured, usually cream or yellowish-white, without distinct markings.
size
Up to 60 cm
status (iucn)
Least concern.
further information
When threatened, they may flatten their heads and necks slightly and perform jerky, somewhat erratic movements to appear more intimidating to potential predators.
Common Name
Snake-eyed lizard
Scientific Name
Ophisops elegans
Habitat
They prefer areas with sparse vegetation and good sun exposure, commonly in open, dry environments including rocky hillsides, scrubland, garrigue, and arid grasslands across the eastern Mediterranean region.
diet
Consume small arthropods, especially insects such as ants, beetles, grasshoppers, and spiders. They also eat small invertebrates like worms and occasionally small snails.
Description
It has a streamlined body covered in small, keeled scales, well-developed limbs, and a pointed snout. Its most distinctive feature—and the source of its common name—is its fused, transparent lower eyelids that cover the eyes like permanent “spectacles” similar to those of snakes, rather than the movable eyelids found in most lizards. Coloration is typically brownish, grayish, or olive with light lateral stripes running down each side and sometimes a pattern of small dark spots or flecks. Males often show brighter colors during breeding season, particularly blue spots on their flanks.
size
Up to 19 cm
status (iucn)
Least concern.
further information
They represent an interesting case of convergent evolution, having independently evolved fixed transparent “spectacle” eyelids similar to those found in snakes. This adaptation protects their eyes while moving through abrasive, sandy or dusty environments.
Common Name
Starred agama
Scientific Name
Laudakia stellio
Habitat
These highly adaptable lizards thrive in arid to semi-arid environments with abundant sun exposure and vertical surfaces for basking and territorial displays. Often seen in rocky landscapes, stone walls, ruins, and buildings across the eastern Mediterranean region.
diet
These omnivorous lizards primarily consume insects. They also eat spiders, small snails, and various plant materials such as flowers, leaves, and berries.
Description
It has a somewhat flattened body covered in rough, spiny scales, particularly prominent around the neck, back, and tail. The head is relatively large and triangular. Its most distinctive features include the star-like arrangements of pointed scales scattered across its body. Colouration varies by location, gender, and temperature but ranges from grayish-brown to olive with darker spots or mottling. Males develop vivid breeding colours on their heads and throats, usually bright blues and oranges, especially during territorial displays and mating season.
size
Up to 35 cm
status (iucn)
Least concern.
further information
Males perform distinctive “head-bobbing” movements of varying speeds and intensities to communicate territorial boundaries, mating readiness, or threats to rivals.