REPTILES

Common Name

Anatolian rock lizard

Scientific Name

Anatololacerta anatolica

Habitat

Found in western Anatolia (Turkey) and on adjacent Aegean islands, including Samos and Ikaria. Prefers rocky areas in open woodlands, Mediterranean forests, shrublands, dry stone walls, cultivated fields, and olive groves. It is often associated with rocky outcrops, cliffs, boulders, and dry-stone walls. 

diet

Insectivorous, feeding primarily on insects such as beetles and spiders, as well as arachnids, small invertebrates, and various larvae.

Description

Exhibits a dark olive-brown base colour with pale dorsolateral spots that may merge into lines. The throat can be reddish, while the underparts are pale with occasional dark spots on the flanks. The tail of juveniles is often bright blue. Males and females may display different colouration patterns, with males often having more vivid hues. 

size

24 cm

status (iucn)

Least concern.

further information

This lizard grows to a snout-to-vent length of about 7.5 centimetres with a tail twice as long as its body.

Common Name

Balkan green lizard

Scientific Name

Lacerta trilineata

Habitat

Prefers areas with dense vegetation, ranging from sea level up to elevations of at least 1500 meters. Common habitats include Mediterranean-type shrublands, rural gardens, plantations, and areas with abundant ground cover.

diet

Feeds mainly on large invertebrates such as snails, beetles and grasshoppers, but also on small lizards and mammals.

Description

One of the largest lizards in its genus. Adults display a bright green hue with fine black speckles. Males frequently show bright blue heads in the spring. Juveniles are typically brown with three yellowish longitudinal stripes along the back, a feature that gives the species its name “trilineata“.

size

50 cm

status (iucn)

Least concern.

further information

Diurnal and highly active, often seen basking in the sun or swiftly moving through vegetation. When threatened, it can detach its tail (autotomy) to escape predators, with the tail regenerating over time.

Common Name

Caspian whipsnake

Scientific Name

Dolichophis caspius

Habitat

Inhabits open, grassy areas with sparse shrubbery, rocky riverbanks, and sometimes human-altered environments like gardens and cemeteries. Found in warm and sunny biotopes. 

diet

Diurnal, a generalist predator feeding on small mammals, birds, lizards, and other snakes. Its role in controlling rodent populations makes it beneficial for agriculture.

Description

These are large, powerful snakes that have a silver-grey to light brown colour, with adults becoming orange or copper with age. Juveniles have large dark transverse bars on a part of the back and a light longitudinal stripe in the middle of the neck, often forming a cross with the mantle and the first lateral bar. The head of juveniles resembles young Balkan snakes.

size

100 – 160 cm

status (iucn)

Least concern.

further information

When threatened, these snakes stand up and hiss, and can jump up to 1m. They are typically terrestrial, but can climb to more than 7 meters when in search of prey. The largest recorded specimen reached approximately 250 cm.

Common Name

Coin-marked snake

Scientific Name

Hemorrhois nummifer

Habitat

Inhabits a variety of environments, from arid deserts to Mediterranean woodlands and urban areas. Commonly found in rocky areas with limited water and sparse vegetation, as well as in ruins, stone walls, and agricultural lands.

diet

Opportunistic, its prey includes lizards but also various small mammals and birds.

Description

Features a robust body with a dorsal colouration ranging from grey to light brown, adorned with dark, coin-shaped spots along the back. The ventral side is generally lighter, often white or yellowish. The head is relatively broad with large eyes possessing round pupils, indicating its diurnal activity pattern.

size

Up to 160 cm

status (iucn)

Least concern.

further information

When disturbed, it may flatten its head, making it resemble the Xantine viper.

Common Name

Common Chameleon

Scientific Name

Chamaeleo chamaeleon

Habitat

Found in southern Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East. They inhabit a variety of environments such as pine forests, shrublands, plantations, and rural gardens. They are arboreal, often residing in trees and bushes. In Europe, confined to areas free of coastal frost, but up to 900m in Samos.

diet

Primarily insectivorous, feeding on various insects and arthropods. Larger individuals may also consume small vertebrates.

Description

Their skin colour varies widely, including shades of green, yellow, grey, and brown, often with stripes and spots. Colour changes are influenced by factors such as mood, temperature, and communication needs. They possess independently rotating eyes, allowing for a 360-degree field of vision, and a long, sticky tongue used to capture prey. Their feet are adapted for grasping branches, and they have a prehensile tail for balance.

size

Up to 30 cm

status (iucn)

Least concern.

further information

They are solitary creatures, typically maintaining individual territories. Females lay clutches of 20 to 50 eggs in self-dug holes in the ground. The eggs incubate over winter, with hatchlings emerging in the following summer.

Common Name

Dahl’s whip snake

Scientific Name

Platyceps najadum

Habitat

Inhabits a variety of environments, including dry rocky areas, open woodlands, scrublands, and agricultural fields, from sea level up to 2,200 meters in elevation.

diet

Diurnal, feeds on a diverse diet comprising insects, lizards, small mammals, and occasionally other snakes.

Description

Features a slim, elongated body with a greyish to brown dorsal colouration and a lighter ventral side. The head is distinct from the body, with large eyes and round pupils. Distinctive dark markings may be present on the head and neck regions.

size

Up to 120 cm

status (iucn)

Least concern.

further information

They are not venomous, although due to the absence of hooks, the bite can cause symptoms of poisoning if the skin has been pierced and the saliva has time to infiltrate it.

Common Name

Eastern Montpellier snake

Scientific Name

Malpolon insignitus

Habitat

Species typical of Mediterranean biotopes, combining sunny sites and wetter sites: scrubland and maquis, dunes, salt marshes, but also rocky slopes in hilly terrain. Also in anthropised environments such as quarries, agricultural land and even gardens in urban areas.

diet

Feed on a wide variety of prey such as reptiles, birds and mammals.

Description

Features a distinctively elongated head with prominent supraorbital scales, giving it a characteristic “eagle-like” appearance. The belly is usually pale yellow or whitish, sometimes with fine orange speckles. Males typically exhibit a uniform grey-green to bluish-grey dorsal colouration without the dark “saddle” marking seen in related species. Females and Juveniles display brownish tones with 2–3 longitudinal rows of dark spots or stripes along the back.

size

Up to 250 cm

status (iucn)

Least concern.

further information

They are venomous, although the hooks of the snakes are located at the back of the mouth. This reduces the possibility of injecting venom, which has a low toxicity. 

Common Name

European cat snake

Scientific Name

Telescopus fallax

Habitat

All kinds of hot or rocky biotopes. Prefers dry, rocky areas with ample cover, including scrublands, stone walls, and ruins. Often found in Mediterranean-type environments and sometimes near human habitations. A lowland species, it can nevertheless be found below 1300m.

diet

Primarily preys on lizards, geckos, and small mammals. Its rear-fanged venom is used to subdue prey. 

Description

Features a light brown to grey base colour with dark dorsal spots or bands. The head is distinct and flattened, with vertical slit pupils reminiscent of a cat’s eyes.

size

Up to 100 cm

status (iucn)

Least concern.

further information

Venomous, but there are no known cases of human envenomation. The hooks located on the rear reduce the possibilities of venom injection, and their toxicity is too low to cause visible symptoms. Nocturnal species.

Common Name

European copper skink

Scientific Name

Ablepharus kitaibelii

Habitat

Wide variety of arid habitats, but normally on sites offering low vegetation or leaf litter for shelter, such as meadows, grassy slopes, and forest edges. More common in the plains, but can be found up to 1800m.

diet

Small invertebrates.

Description

Slim, snake-like body covered with shiny rounded scales that are a dark metallic brown colour. 

size

Up to 12 cm

status (iucn)

Least concern.

further information

Unlike many other lizards, the European copper skink belongs to a group called Ablepharinae, meaning it lacks movable eyelids. Instead, their eyes are protected by a transparent scale like snakes.

Common Name

European ratsnake

Scientific Name

Zamenis situla

Habitat

Prefers Mediterranean-type environments such as shrubby vegetation, pasturelands, plantations, and rural gardens. Often found near human settlements, including barns and gardens, likely due to the abundance of rodent prey.

diet

Hunts small rodents, which constitute the bulk of its diet. They can climb walls, bushes and trees to hunt birds and lizards.

Description

Its base colour ranges from grey to tan, and it features a distinctive Y-shaped marking on the back of its head. It has a striking pattern with a series of reddish-brown blotches bordered in black along its back.

size

Up to 100 cm

status (iucn)

Least concern.

further information

Generally shy and non-aggressive, when threatened, it may vibrate its tail as a warning.

Common Name

Grass snake

Scientific Name

Natrix natrix

Habitat

Prefers wetland habitats such as ponds, lakes, rivers, and marshes. Also found in forests, grasslands, and gardens, especially those near water sources.

diet

Feeds primarily on amphibians like frogs and toads. Occasionally consumes fish, small mammals, and birds. Swallows prey whole without constriction.

Description

Typically dark green or brown with a distinctive yellow or whitish collar behind the head, earning it the nickname “ringed snake. Colour variations include grey to black, with darker hues more common in cooler regions. The underside is whitish with irregular black markings, useful for individual identification.

size

Up to 150 cm

status (iucn)

Least concern.

further information

When threatened, may hiss, release a foul-smelling secretion, or play dead by flipping onto its back with mouth open and tongue hanging out.

Common Name

Greek tortoise

Scientific Name

Testudo graeca

Habitat

Occupies a variety of environments, from arid scrublands and grasslands to Mediterranean forests. These tortoises thrive in areas with ample sunlight and sparse vegetation, which facilitates their basking and foraging behaviours.

diet

Primarily feeds on a variety of herbaceous plants, grasses, and succulent vegetation. They may occasionally consume small invertebrates or carrion, but this is not a significant part of their diet. 

Description

Their domed carapace varies in colour from yellow to brown, often adorned with dark blotches or patterns that provide camouflage in their natural habitats. Named for the small, conical spurs located on each thigh, a characteristic feature of this species.

size

Up to 30 cm

status (iucn)

Vulnerable.

further information

Renowned for their long lifespans, Greek tortoises can live over 100 years in the wild, with some individuals reportedly reaching ages of 125 years or more.

Common Name

Javelin sand boa

Scientific Name

Eryx jaculus

Habitat

Prefers dry environments such as sandy or rocky hills, semi-desert coastal areas, dunes, and light Mediterranean forests with low vegetation.

diet

Juveniles tend to forage actively for lizard eggs, while adults, especially females, often employ ambush tactics to capture small mammals.

Description

They possess a stout body with a short, blunt tail. Their coloration varies from brownish-green to gray, adorned with darker blotches. The belly is usually white or yellowish, sometimes speckled with darker spots.

size

70 cm

status (iucn)

Least concern.

further information

Specific details about their breeding habits are limited, but like other boas, they are ovoviviparous, giving birth to live young.

Common Name

Legless lizard

Scientific Name

Pseudopus apodus

Habitat

They inhabit dry, grassy areas with good cover like grasslands, scrubby hillsides, woodland edges, and rocky slopes. They prefer areas with dense vegetation offering both sunning spots and quick retreat options.

diet

Primarily consume large insects, snails, slugs, earthworms, small rodents, bird eggs, and smaller lizards.

Description

Snake-like in appearance, with a robust, cylindrical body. It has a wedge-shaped head with movable eyelids, external ear openings, and a distinctive lateral fold running along each side. Colouration ranges from beige and tan to brown or grey, often with darker flecks, providing excellent camouflage in its natural habitat.

size

140 cm

status (iucn)

Least concern.

further information

These reptiles give birth to live young (ovoviviparous) rather than laying eggs, typically producing 6-10 offspring after a gestation period of about 5-6 months.

Common Name

Levant skink

Scientific Name

Trachylepis aurata

Habitat

 Inhabit Mediterranean scrubland, rocky areas, stone walls, and coastal regions across the eastern Mediterranean basin. They thrive in relatively dry environments with scattered vegetation, particularly favouring areas with rock piles, ruins, and agricultural terraces. 

diet

Primarily consume various arthropods, including crickets, beetles, grasshoppers, and spiders. They also eat small snails, worms, and occasionally plant matter such as berries and soft fruits.

Description

It has a robust body covered in smooth, glossy scales, well-developed limbs, and a long tail that can reach up to twice the body length. Its most distinctive feature is the pattern of light-colored longitudinal stripes running down its olive-brown to greyish body, typically one mid-dorsal stripe and two lateral stripes on each side, creating a characteristic striped appearance. The belly is usually lighter, ranging from whitish to pale yellow.

size

20 cm

status (iucn)

Least concern.

further information

They can detach their tail,  the detached tail continues to wriggle vigorously, distracting the predator while the skink escapes. The tail regenerates over time, though the new growth is typically darker and lacks the original pattern.

Common Name

Mediterranean house gecko

Scientific Name

Hemidactylus turcicus

Habitat

They occupy rocky outcrops and stone walls, while in human environments, they readily colonise buildings, ruins, and other structures. These geckos are highly adaptable to urban areas, often found on exterior walls near artificial lighting that attracts their prey.

diet

Feed on small arthropods, especially moths, flies, spiders, beetles, and other insects attracted to lights.

Description

It is a small lizard with a flattened, translucent pinkish-grey to light brown body. Covered with small tubercles, giving it a warty appearance. Its most distinctive features include large, lidless eyes with vertical pupils that reflect light at night, specialised toe pads with microscopic setae that enable climbing smooth vertical surfaces, and a segmented tail that can be detached and regenerated. The underside is typically translucent white.

size

12 cm

status (iucn)

Least concern.

further information

These geckos are known for their vocalizations, producing distinctive chirping or clicking sounds used in territorial disputes and mating rituals.

Common Name

Ottoman viper

Scientific Name

Montivipera xanthina

Habitat

Occupy rocky hillsides, mountain slopes, and dry scrubland across southwestern Turkey, several Greek islands, and parts of Bulgaria. They prefer areas with good sun exposure, rocky outcrops for basking, and adequate vegetation cover for hunting and protection. These vipers can be found from sea level up to elevations of about 2000 meters. 

diet

Ambush their prey, primarily feeding on small mammals such as mice, voles, and young rats. They also consume birds, lizards, and occasionally other snakes.

Description

It has a robust body with strongly keeled scales. The head is distinctly triangular and set off from the neck. Colouration varies but generally features a greyish, brownish, or yellowish-tan base colour with a zigzag or series of connected diamond-shaped patterns running down the back. This pattern is typically darker, ranging from dark brown to almost black. The belly is lighter, often yellowish or greyish, with dark mottling. Female snakes are often longer than males. 

size

Up to 100 cm

status (iucn)

Least concern.

further information

They possess a sophisticated heat-sensing system, located between their nostrils and eyes. These specialised organs can detect minute temperature differences, allowing them to locate prey. 

Common Name

Ring-headed dwarf snake

Scientific Name

Eirenis modestus

Habitat

Inhabit dry, rocky environments including open woodland, scrubland, rocky slopes, and agricultural areas across parts of the eastern Mediterranean, Anatolia, the Caucasus, and the Middle East. They’re often found under stones, in rock crevices, or among low vegetation in arid to semi-arid regions.

diet

Primarily feed on invertebrates, especially small insects, spiders, and insect larvae. They also consume small lizards, particularly skinks and geckos, and occasionally young rodents.

Description

They have cylindrical bodies with smooth, glossy scales. Relatively small, slightly distinct heads with large eyes featuring round pupils. The most distinctive feature is its colouration pattern, typically greyish, olive-brown, or tan body with a characteristic dark collar or “ring” marking behind the head. Some individuals display faint, darker flecking along the body. The underside is uniformly light coloured, usually cream or yellowish-white, without distinct markings.

size

Up to 60 cm

status (iucn)

Least concern.

further information

When threatened, they may flatten their heads and necks slightly and perform jerky, somewhat erratic movements to appear more intimidating to potential predators.

Common Name

Snake-eyed lizard

Scientific Name

Ophisops elegans

Habitat

They prefer areas with sparse vegetation and good sun exposure, commonly in open, dry environments including rocky hillsides, scrubland, garrigue, and arid grasslands across the eastern Mediterranean region. 

diet

Consume small arthropods, especially insects such as ants, beetles, grasshoppers, and spiders. They also eat small invertebrates like worms and occasionally small snails.

Description

 It has a streamlined body covered in small, keeled scales, well-developed limbs, and a pointed snout. Its most distinctive feature—and the source of its common name—is its fused, transparent lower eyelids that cover the eyes like permanent “spectacles” similar to those of snakes, rather than the movable eyelids found in most lizards. Coloration is typically brownish, grayish, or olive with light lateral stripes running down each side and sometimes a pattern of small dark spots or flecks. Males often show brighter colors during breeding season, particularly blue spots on their flanks.

size

Up to 19 cm

status (iucn)

Least concern.

further information

They represent an interesting case of convergent evolution, having independently evolved fixed transparent “spectacle” eyelids similar to those found in snakes. This adaptation protects their eyes while moving through abrasive, sandy or dusty environments.

Common Name

Starred agama

Scientific Name

Laudakia stellio

Habitat

These highly adaptable lizards thrive in arid to semi-arid environments with abundant sun exposure and vertical surfaces for basking and territorial displays. Often seen in rocky landscapes, stone walls, ruins, and buildings across the eastern Mediterranean region.

diet

These omnivorous lizards primarily consume insects. They also eat spiders, small snails, and various plant materials such as flowers, leaves, and berries.

Description

It has a somewhat flattened body covered in rough, spiny scales, particularly prominent around the neck, back, and tail. The head is relatively large and triangular. Its most distinctive features include the star-like arrangements of pointed scales scattered across its body. Colouration varies by location, gender, and temperature but ranges from grayish-brown to olive with darker spots or mottling. Males develop vivid breeding colours on their heads and throats, usually bright blues and oranges, especially during territorial displays and mating season.

size

Up to 35 cm

status (iucn)

Least concern.

further information

Males perform distinctive “head-bobbing” movements of varying speeds and intensities to communicate territorial boundaries, mating readiness, or threats to rivals.